CHRONOLOGICAL TIMELINE OF GEOGRAPHY DISCIPLINE
GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY BRANCHESGEOGRAPHY CARRIERHISTORY OF GEOGRAPHYCHRONOLOGY,EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY 2021
INTRODUCTION
The history of geography which have differed over time,Space,Places and between different cultural and political groups. In more recent developments, Geography has become a distinct academic discipline. 'Geography' derives from the Greek Word 'γεωγραφία' – 'geographia',that is, "Description or writing about the Earth". The word 'geographia' was First concived by Greek mathematician,Geographer Eratosthenes (276–194 BC).Geography was first systematically studied by the ancient Greeks, who also developed a philosophy of geography; Thales of Miletus, Herodotus,Eratosthenes,Strabo,Aristotole and Ptolemy made major contributions to geography. The Roman contribution to geography was in the exploration and mapping of previously unknown lands. Greek geographic learning was maintained and enhanced by the Arabs during the Middle Ages.A vast corpus of Indian texts embraced the study of geography.The geographers of ancient India put forward theories regarding the origin of the earth. They theorized that the earth was formed by the solidification of gaseous matter and that the earth's crust is composed of hard rocks (sila), clay (bhumih) and sand (asma).The Vedas and Purans contain elaborate descriptions of rivers and mountains and treat the relationship between physical and human elements.
EVOLUTION
200 million B.C.E.
Present-day continents were part of a supercontinent known as Pangaea or Pangea (Greek for “all-Earth”). Over millions of years, this supercontinent broke up through the creation of rifts, cracks in the crust that moved apart and allowed magma to rise from lower levels and form new seabeds. Water moved into the broken landmass to form enclosed bodies of water such as the Gulf of Mexico and the Red Sea. A sufficiently large rift even formed the Atlantic Ocean.
2,000,000 to 18,000 B.C.E.
The last Ice Age was the most recent episode of global cooling of the Earth. Much of the world’s temperate zones were alternately covered by glaciers during cool periods and uncovered during the warmer interglacial periods when the glaciers retreated.
11,000 B.C.E.
Human beings began to domesticate and cultivate plants. This new activity, which eventually changed populations, lifestyles, and the environment in profound ways, proceeded in sporadic bouts. Although the development of agriculture took place over millennia on different continents, its initial beginning is sometimes referred to as the Agricultural Revolution.
3500 B.C.E.
The development of means of transportation, dating from the invention of the wheel, made it possible for the surplus from the countryside to feed urban populations, a system that continues to the present day.
3100 B.C.E.
Egypt appeared as a unified state around 3300 B.C.E. About 3100 B.C.E., Egypt was united under Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties in which Egypt ancient history is divided: the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire.
2600 B.C.E.
The Indus Valley civilization prospered on the river plains and vicinity in what is western India and Pakistan. The early cities began to interact, creating a common urban culture that lasted about 700 years. The inhabitants were known as the Harappan or Indus culture, and it thrived contemporaneously with those of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
1300 B.C.E.
The recorded history of China dates back some 3,300 years, although modern archaeological studies suggest still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C.E. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development created a distinctive system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognized as Chinese civilization.
1120 B.C.E.
Tiglath-Pileser I, the greatest of the Assyrian kings, crossed the Euphrates, defeated the kings of the Hittites, conquered Carchemish, and advanced on the coasts of the Mediterranean. He was the founder of the first Assyrian Empire. 356–323 B.C.E. Alexander the Great created one of the most extensive empires in history, linking Greece and the Mediterranean to the Indus River and Central Asia.
384–322 B.C.E.
Aristotle hypothesized and scientifically demonstrated that the Earth had a spherical shape. Evidence for this idea came from observations of lunar eclipses.
150 B.C.E.
From the second half of the 2nd century B.C.E., until the first century, the military campaigns that consolidated the Roman Empire helped the progress of geographic knowledge. The Greeks, as a mainly seafaring people, explored the coast lands; thanks to the Romans, knowledge of the inside lands also became known. The empire extended from England to the Caspian Sea and the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers and included all of North Africa.
150 B.C.E.
Ptolemy was the first to use latitude and longitude and measure them in degrees in his book Geography.
400–1300
Middle Ages (5th to 13th centuries) were a time of intellectual stagnation. In Europe, the Vikings of Scandinavia were the only group of people carrying out active exploration of new lands. In the Middle East, Arab academics began translating the works of Greek and Roman geographers starting in the 8th century and also began exploring southwestern Asia and Africa. Some of the important intellectuals in Arab geography were Al-Idrisi, Ibn Battuta, and Ibn Khaldun.
1100s–1200s
The Crusades involved European kingdoms in the domestic affairs of the Middle East, especially Jerusalem and the Ottoman Empire, centered in the city of Constantinople.
1200s
The century saw the rise of the kingdom of Mali, based upon local gold resources and trade, especially with Arabia. This set the stage for the spread of Islam south of the Sahara.
1206–1350s
The Mongols created an empire that reached from China to Jerusalem and into Southeast Asia.
1350–1918
The Ottoman Empire had a greater geographic extent than the Roman Empire and emphasized trade and science (navigation, mathematics, astronomy) as well as the arts and medicine.
1400s
From the 15th century on, when ships became the dominant medium for commercial transport, coastal sites.
1421–23
After nearly 400 years of sea trade with ports along the East African coast, Chinese Emperor Zhu Di commissioned Admiral Zheng He to explore and map the world.
1400s–1600s
During the Renaissance, numerous journeys of geographical exploration were commissioned by a variety of nation states in Europe.The voyages also provided an opportunity for scientific investigation and discovery and added many significant contributions to geographic knowledge. Important explorers of this period include Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, Jacques Cartier, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir Francis Drake, John and Sebastian Cabot, and John Davis. Also during the Renaissance, Martin Behaim created a spherical globe depicting the Earth in its true three-dimensional form in 1492. Prior to Behaim’s invention it was commonly believed in the Middle Ages that the Earth was flat. Behaim’s globe probably influenced the beliefs of explorers of that time because it suggested that one could travel around the world.The 16th century saw the rise of many great kingdoms and empires in Southeast Asia.
1564
Gerardus Mercator was appointed court cartographer by Duke Wilhelm of Cleve. During 1564, the map Angliae Scotiae et Hiberniae nova descriptio was printed and in 1569 the great map of the world, Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio, in 18 sheets, was issued to help in navigation. Thanks to this work, Mercator is heralded as the founder of modern cartography.
1700s
The 18th century was the start of the industrial and transport revolutions—application of mechanical power to replace animal and human power and labor, leading to the rise of factories, unions, and the development of modern political philosophies.
1773 - 88
British naval captain James Cook is the first to cross the Antarctic Circle in 1773.British territorial acquisition was being consolidated in the South Pacific. Voyages to the Pacific increased British possessions with the discovery of Hawaii, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and the eastern Australian coast. A penal colony was established in New South Wales in 1788.
1800
Less than 3 percent of the world’s population was living in cities of 20,000 or more; this increased to about 25 percent by the mid-1960s and to about 40 percent by 1980. It is estimated that now more than half of the world’s population lives in the urban areas, with 90 percent living within 62 mi (100 km) of the coast or a navigable river.
Napoleon’s engineers revived the idea and construction of a canal linking the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean (via the Red Sea). The eventual Suez Canal greatly changed maritime trade by reducing the need to go around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
1826–63
Johan Heinrich von Thünen, an important theorist in the science of land use, publishes his works, bringing together the fields of economics and geography to provide an illustration of the balance between land cost and transportation costs.
1844
In Germany, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel made substantial contributions to human and physical geography. Humboldt’s publication Kosmos (1844) examines the geology and physical geography of the Earth. This work is considered by many academics to be a milestone contribution to geographic scholarship.
1848
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto. The relationship between the middle and working classes, and Marx’s views on their association, has been greatly influential in wider social and political thought.
1859
Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species (1859) and suggests that natural selection determined which individuals would pass on their genetic traits to future generations.
One of the earliest statements of environmental ideas came from George Perkins Marsh in his book Man in Nature or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action was published also on1864.
1908
In 1908, U.S. scientist Frank B. Taylor invoked the notion of continental collision to explain the formation of some of the world’s mountain ranges.The term EUREKA!EUREKA!EYREKA! was very popular crispy words used by TAYLOR upon Continental Drift Theory innovation on that time.
1911
The environmental determinist movement started with the publication of Ellen Churchill Semple’s book (The Influences of the Geographic Environment), in which she explained how the environment is considered as a major factor in the location of human settlements and economic activity.
1912
The Great Geomorphologists WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS had been came up with EROSION CYCLE concept has very useful to broaden the concept of Gemorphology content in future.Davis enjoyed considerable influence over the direction and conduct of geographical science in the United States and in Europe.
1917
The ecological niche concept is originated as an attempt to describe the general role of species in the community and to differentiate population, community, and ecological systems. The concept and term was introduced by J. Grinnell, who interpreted it in spatial sense as the ultimate distributional unit of a species.
1920s
A strong rejection of environmental determinism in American geography was led by Carl O. Sauer in the 1920s. For Sauer, the primary purpose of geography should be chorology—or the study of areas.The Cultural Determinists or Possibilists era will began from here.
1929
The environment of the Earth can be broadly divided into four major systems: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere
1930s
A number of geographers with political as well as academic interests made political geography an instrument of nationalism.Already 1st world war had held.In an era when movement of heavy goods and large armies was easier by sea than by land, maritime countries would dominate politically, but as land transport was becoming easier, so land-based powers were becoming stronger. Mackinder argued that whoever controlled the “world island” (the heartland of Euro-Asia) should be able to control the globe—a geopolitical notion that influenced much strategic thinking throughout the century, until air power (and then power in space) came to dominate military strategy.
1933
Market geography is a subfield of economic geography, which focuses on the spatial nature of market forces. It derives its rationale from the central place theory, first argued in 1933 by German economic geographer Walter Christaller in his book on central places in southern Germany.
1937
Alexander L. Du Toit, a South African geologist, suggested two primordial continents: Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland (or Gondwana) in the south.
1939–45
World War II marked the first time there was a truly global conflict or war, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. 1939 The turn to the study of geographic regions gives birth to the areal differentiation movement in the mid-1930s with Richard Hartshorne’s publication of The Nature of Geography.
1948
A young meteorological theoretician, Jule Charney, succeeded in deriving simplified mathematical models of the atmosphere’s motions, based on earlier work.
1950
Starting in about 1950, geographic research experienced a shift in methodology. Geographers began adopting a more scientific approach that relied on quantitative techniques. The quantitative revolution was also associated with a change in the way in which geographers studied the Earth and its phenomena.
1953
The world’s tallest peak, Mt. Everest (29,028 ft or 8,848 m) was climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.
1957
The Soviet Union launched the first successful orbiting space capsule, marking the beginning of human use of space for exploration. This led to detailed mapping and monitoring of the Earth’s surface, as well as more accurate navigation using global positioning satellites 1960s Several American scientists, among them Jack E. Oliver and Bryan L. Isacks, integrated the notion of seafloor spreading with that of drifting continents and formulated the basis for plate tectonic theory.
1960s
The widespread introduction of the jet airplane for passenger travel reduced the time needed to reach even the most remote part of the globe. It resulted in massive expansion of business travel and new geographic linkages. Time and distance began to diminish in terms of interaction between once distant places.
1960s–70s
This period marked the beginning of the computer age and digital information revolution. Computers and the internet connected the world, regardless of time, distance, or culture: the first example of a global “village.”A revival of interests in political geography from the 1970s onward was initially linked to the “quantitative revolution,” which the wider discipline experienced in the 1960s and 1970s. Work on electoral geography started then and geographers increasingly broughttheir spatial perspective to bear on a range of subjects broadly defined as “political” and relating in some ways to the operation of the state. Location and conflict (over land uses, public goods, and so forth) became topics considered by political geographers.
1979
The First World Climate Conference made climate change, or global warming, an international issue as it called on all governments to anticipate and prevent human alterations in climate.
1980s
The first commercial geographic information systems (GIS) are developed that relate spatial information to assets, phenomena, or events. A GIS is computerized, and, therefore, is a structured and integrated arrangement of computer hardware, software, and operating procedures and principles designed to support the management of spatial and nonspatial data. These data are collected often via satellite coordinates referenced to the Earth and are maintained in a database.
1990s
The internet together with a new generation of related computer software and hardware produced a revolution in how we conceptualized and interacted with geographic places and spaces.
1993
The United States, Canada, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which created a regional free trade zone that lowered tariffs and trading restrictions.
1996
The Association of American Geographers acknowledged military geography as a subfield of geography and defined it as the application of geographic information, tools, and techniques to solve military problems in peacetime or war. The consideration of terrain, culture, politics, and economics in the pursuit of warfare remains a dynamic field of geographic study and a practical area of military application.
1997
More than 150 nations signed the first legally binding treaty, the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at cutting emissions of the main greenhouse gases believed to contribute to global warming. Later, the United States, under President George W. Bush, declined to participate in the protocol.
1997–98
The El Niño of 1997–98 was one of the worst in recent memory. The weather system caused vast fires in Indonesia and large economic losses impacted many areas, such as Australia and Southeast Asia, where drought occurred.Groups such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predict and track El Niños using satellites, research ships, buoy arrays, computer modeling, and other tools to analyze ocean temperatures, wind speeds, fish populations, precipitation, and other early indicators of developing weather systems.
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Geography Is Mother Of All Disciplines
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